Artificial Intelligence

 Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines or software, as opposed to the intelligence of other living beings, primarily of humans. It is a field of study in computer science that develops and studies intelligent machines. Such machines may be called AIs.

AI technology is widely used throughout industry, government, and science. Some high-profile applications are: advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search), recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix), interacting via human speech (such as Google Assistant, Siri, and Alexa), self-driving cars (e.g., Waymo), generative and creative tools (ChatGPT and AI art), and superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (such as chess and Go).^[1]

Alan Turing was the first person to conduct substantial research in the field that he called Machine Intelligence.^[2] Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956.^[3] The field went through multiple cycles of optimism^[4][5] followed by disappointment and loss of funding.^[6][7] Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning surpassed all previous AI techniques,^[8] and after 2017 with the transformer architecture.^[9] This led to the AI spring of the early 2020s, with companies, universities, and laboratories overwhelmingly based in the United States pioneering significant advances in artificial intelligence.